Protein → RNA → DNA Simulator

Retinoblastoma-associated protein, a key cell cycle regulator that controls the G1/S transition by binding and inhibiting E2F transcription factors. H

Phosphatase and tensin homolog, a dual-specificity phosphatase that dephosphorylates PIP3 to PIP2, antagonizing PI3K/AKT signaling. One of the most fr

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (HER1/ErbB1), a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase that binds EGF, TGF-alpha, and related ligands. Dimerization a

Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2/ErbB2/neu), a receptor tyrosine kinase with no known direct ligand. Forms heterodimers preferentially w

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 (KDR/Flk-1), the primary mediator of VEGF-induced angiogenesis. Upon VEGF-A binding, VEGFR2 dimerizes, a

Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog, a small GTPase that cycles between GTP-bound active and GDP-bound inactive states. Serves as a molecular s

B-Raf proto-oncogene, a serine/threonine protein kinase in the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway. B-RAF V600E mutation (found in 50-60% of melanomas) causes con

AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (PKB alpha), a central node in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway that regulates cell survival, growth, proliferation,

Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MAPKK1), directly downstream of RAF kinases and upstream of ERK1/2. MEK1 phosphorylates ER

Janus kinase 2, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that associates with cytokine receptors (EPO, TPO, G-CSF, GH) and transduces signals through the JAK-ST

MYC proto-oncogene protein, a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (bHLH-LZ) transcription factor that dimerizes with MAX to bind E-box sequences (CA

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha, a transcription factor that mediates cellular adaptation to low oxygen. Under normoxia, HIF1A is hydroxylated by PHD

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, a transcription factor activated by JAK2-mediated phosphorylation at Tyr705. Dimerizes via SH2 dom

Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein, a tumor suppressor involved in DNA double-strand break repair through homologous recombination. Forms a h

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1, a nuclear enzyme that detects DNA strand breaks via its zinc finger domains and catalyzes poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of ta

DRT3b reverse transcriptase from E. coli anti-phage defense system. Template-independent polymerase that synthesizes poly(AC) DNA using protein residu

DRT3a reverse transcriptase from E. coli anti-phage defense system. Template-dependent polymerase that synthesizes poly(GT) DNA using the ACACAC motif

DNA methyltransferase 1, the maintenance methyltransferase that copies methylation patterns to daughter strands during DNA replication. Prefers hemime

Histone deacetylase 1, a class I zinc-dependent deacetylase that removes acetyl groups from lysine residues on histones and other proteins. Forms core

B-cell lymphoma 2, an anti-apoptotic protein located on the outer mitochondrial membrane that prevents cytochrome c release by binding and sequesterin

Bcl-2-associated X protein, a pro-apoptotic member of the BCL2 family that undergoes conformational activation upon apoptotic stimuli. Activated BAX t

Programmed death-ligand 1 (CD274/B7-H1), an immune checkpoint protein expressed on tumor cells and antigen-presenting cells. Binds PD-1 on T cells to

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CD152), an immune checkpoint receptor expressed on activated T cells and Tregs. Binds CD80/CD86 with high